Colloquial English Grammar

Estonian Business School Institute of Foreign Languages GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN ENGLISH Term Paper By Maria Esko BBL-2 Supervisor: Ludmilla Podolski Tallinn 2012 Table of Contents Introduction3 Common Features of Spoken English4 Grammar Characteristics7 Clause Combination7 Position of items8 Pausing, Repeating and Recasting8 Organising the discourse9 Ellipsis9 Response Tokens10 Vague Expressions11 Headers and Tails11 Conclusion12 References13 Introduction In the business world, communication is vital for creating new networks and acquiring important business partners.Communication is the activity of conveying information. Effective communication skills can be considered the key to success. I have chosen to investigate English spoken language in order to clarify what spoken English grammar is. As a non-native speaker I consider learning spoken grammar incredibly important in order to understand the other party. The communication process can be considered successfully completed only when the listener has understood the message of the speaker. The fact that speaking and writing are different is quite obvious.The studies of the spoken English grammar have been neglected for a long time, since it was considered as confusing and full of mistakes. Development of technology has made it possible to analyse spoken language more thoroughly. Therefore many fascinating facts about spoken Grammar have arisen. In this paper I will use the term spoken grammar in the meaning of colloquial English. The characteristics of formal English speaking, e. g. prepared speeches are not analysed in this term paper. This paper gives an overview of the main features of the grammar of spoken English.The differences between spoken and written English are supplied with illustrations. In the conclusion the overall characteristics of the grammar of spoken English have been summarised. Common Features of Spoken English Is there any grammar in spoken English? To answer this question I have to define the overall meaning of grammar. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica the term grammar in a restricted sense refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.Although language is the same the grammar of spoken English may differ since following the grammar rules during a conversation is time consuming and unnatural. When spoken language is observed in more detail it also has patterns and specific structures which may be considered as the grammar of spoken language. During a conversation we do not have much time to think what we are about to say and can not plan our speech in advance (excluding some special cases). While listening to a recorded speech it feels normal, fluent and easy to follow. On the other hand, when put on paper it is rather difficult to understand.However it gives an opportunity to notice some specific features of colloquial English language, such as silent pauses, voice filled pauses, repetitions , false starts, discourse markers(small words or fixed phrases used to indicate the beginning or the end of an idea) and short forms (Leech, Svartvik, 2002). Specific features mostly have a contextual meaning for the listener and can indicate different changes in the subject of the conversation. In this paper the term Spoken English language is understood in a narrow sense. It only includes the colloquial English and face-to-face interactions.Prepared speeches and other types of formal English speaking are not taken into account and are not discussed in the given work. In the figure below are presented the seven most typical conditions operating in real-time conversation. These features best describe why spoken language is so difficult to put in writing. Figure 1: Seven conditions operating in conversation (Leech, n. d. , figure 2) Further is given an example of a conversation which illustrates the conditions generally operating in a conversation. It will be later analysed and used as an example for various items of spoken grammar.Four speakers are sitting at the dinner table talking about a car accident that happened to the father of one of the speakers. At the end of this sequence they switch to another topic. I’ll just take that off and Have you got hold of it? are references to a large pan which is on the dinner table. The = sign indicates an utterance which is cut short The + sign indicates an interrupted turn which continues at the next + sign A: I’ll just take that off. Take that off. B: All looks great. C: [laughs] B: Mm. C: Mm. B: I think your dad was amazed wasn’t he at the damage.A: Mm. B: It’s not so much the parts. It’s the labor charges for= D: Oh that. For a car. B: Have you got hold of it? A: Yeah. B: It was a bit erm= A: Mm. C: Mm. B: A bit. A: That’s right. B: I mean they said they’d have to take his car in for two days. And he said all it is is straightening a panel. And they’re like, à ¢â‚¬ËœOh no. It’s all new panel. You can’t do this’. C: Any erm problem. B: As soon as they hear insurance claim. Oh. Let’s get it right. C: Yeah. Yeah. Anything to do with+ A: Wow. C: +coach work is er+ A: Right. C: +fatal isn’t it. A: Now.As can be seen in the example taken from Cambridge Grammar of English a comprehensive guide spoken and written English Grammar and usage (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 165), understanding of the text depends on the context and the immediate situation. Example shows some of the units that can be frequently encountered in spoken grammar, such as indeterminate structures ellipted forms, incomplete structures, subordinate clauses not obviously connected to any particular main clause, interrupted structures with other speaker contributions intervening, words whose grammatical class is unclear.Conversation happens in real time and is spontaneous, therefore speakers make mistakes and we can observe common features of spoken grammar. Some sentences are confusing and hard to understand because we do not have the knowledge of the shared background of the conversation. It is difficult to represent speech in writing so that the reader could easily follow the written conversation. In order to do so there have to be made many remarks to explain what the speaker means. In real-time conversations emotions and vocal intonations are important to understand the speaker.Moreover, it is difficult to determine when the sentence starts and when it ends. This conversation is meant to illustrate precisely what is analysed in the term paper. Spoken Language and Interpersonal Communication In this paper only one part of spoken English will be discussed which is colloquial English. It is an informal interpersonal communication and has its own peculiarities. Conversations are typically carried out in face-to-face interaction with others. They are tied to the participants and the immediate situation. Speakers usually share a common contextual ackground and exchange meanings rather than the content of the message. Meanings will vary depending on the specific social, cultural and institutional knowledge (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 428). Grammar Characteristics Spoken language and written language coexist. They are not divided sharply but have many different characteristics. Therefore the grammar of colloquial English differs from the written one. There are many differences that could be mentioned; however, due to the limitation of space they remain outside the scope of this paper, which gives a brief overview of the main features of spoken English.Clause Combination In spoken English it is typical when the hierarchy of clauses in sentences is in discord. In real-time communication the speaker is not able to construct over-elaborate patterns of main and subordinate clauses. Usual are sequences of clauses connected by coordinating conjunctions (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 170). Conjunctions are a grammatical resource to link text. In speech coordinating conjunctions are more frequent than in writing. Coordination is less empathic and more vague, which is characteristic of speech (Leech, Svartvik, 1983).Often subordinate clauses are used by one of the speakers to maintain the conversation or to give additional comments. They often occur after a pause to give evaluation to what have been said. Sometimes clauses â€Å"blend† in a sentence it happens when the beginning of a sentence is different from how it was completed. This syntactic structure is common in spoken language and is easily understood by the listener. (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 171): Well, no, Melanie’s actually still a student and she still has ten hours of lectures a week, so she works in McDonald’s in her spare time cos she needs the money and she works in McDonald’s in Hatfield†¦.Subordinate clauses: A: So I turned round and chased after him. B: Just as I would have done. Clausal blend: They ’ve nearly finished all the building work, hasn’t it? Position of items Spontaneous speech often requires adjustments to be made according to the communicative needs. Therefore it is natural when the speaker changes the position of items in a sentence in order to help the listener to the understand information better (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 172). In colloquial English subject-verb inversion often takes place.In informal speech it helps to emphasise the subject (Leech, Svartvik, 1983): B: I think your dad was amazed wasn’t he at the damage. Pausing, Repeating and Recasting There are two types of pauses: unfilled and filled. Unfilled pauses are just silent and quite short. They often indicate a change in the direction or the subject of the conversation. Filled pauses are marked by vocalisations, such as er, erm, uh or uhm. These marks can indicate a shift in the topic or that the speaker has not yet finished talking and is thinking of the best way to continue (Ca rter, McCarthy, 2006, 172).Repetition and recasting are very common in colloquial speech. When answering a question by repeating words or phrases the speaker can get some more time to think. Usually repetition occurs at the beginning of an utterance or clause. Recasting is normal in real-time speaking. It happens due to the fact that the speaker is talking very fast and needs to reformulate words or phrases (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 173-174): I spoke to her last night†¦well, she’s not going to take the job. It was, er, the director, wasn’t it? I, I’m, I’m not sure he’ll he’ll be able to arrange that at such short notice.Organising the discourse Spoken language seems quite unorganised. However, speakers often use specific words and structures to indicate how the speech will continue. For example items such as anyway, okay, right, I mean, so, now, etc. These items are named discourse markers. Structurally these markers do not belong to cla uses (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 174-175). One of the more frequent discourse markers in spoken English is like it is used to mark direct speech (Adolphs, Carter, 2003): Right, we’d better try to phone and see what they have to report.And they’re like, ‘Oh no. It’s all new panel. You can’t do this’. Ellipsis Ellipsis is the absence of elements required by the grammar. However the message doesn’t suffer and missing parts can be understood from the context. In most conversations ellipsis can be classified as initial ellipsis and final ellipsis in some cases also medial ellipsis takes place. In initial ellipsis, words at the beginning of the sentence are dropped, in correspondence in the medial ellipsis in the middle and in the final ellipsis at the end of a sentence (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 441-443).Also ellipsis can be categorised situational, textual or structural (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 181): Initial ellipsis: Didn’t know tha t film was on tonight. – I is omitted. Final ellipsis: A: I suppose Kathy is still living in that same place. B: Yeah, she is. – living in that same place omitted Medial ellipsis: Yeah dude, I’ gotta start working. – instead of I have got to Ellipsis is highly characteristic of spontaneous speech. During a conversation speakers need to reduce syntactic complexity due to real-time pressures.Ellipsis also takes place when avoiding unnecessary repetition and giving fast responses to other speakers (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 441). Response Tokens Response tokens are very common in spoken language. These are some adjectives and adverbs used to give quick and clear response to the speaking partner and to show that the user is listening and understands what is said to him. Such words include absolutely, definitely, great, fine, good, really. Some words have an association with a particular context. For example fine is used when making arrangements and reaching decisions.Response tokens help the listener to give quick feedback to the speaker, which is very convenient in case of a conversation (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 188-189): C: Yeah. Yeah. Anything to do with+ A: Wow. C: +coach work is er+ A: Right. C: +fatal isn’t it. A: Now. Vague Expressions Speakers tend to avoid aggressive or authoritative language and in order to sound polite and to soften the language vague expressions are used. The most common are stuff, like, anything, kind, whatever, sort of, etc. Vague expressions soften the information and often are used before some accurate or precise information (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 202-203).Sometimes these expressions are overused by the speaker: Between then and like nineteen eighty four I just spent the whole time, I mean for that whole sort of twelve year period or whatever, erm I was just working with just lots and lots of different people. Headers and Tails Headers and tails are very common features of spoken language. The y rarely occur in written English and seem very strange. A header occurs in a sentence where an item within a clause structure is placed before the clause and repeated in the clause itself. In other words the header stands in the initial position.Most typically header consists of a noun phrase and is followed by one or more pronouns. Headers are used by the speaker to help the listener to orientate in the facts (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 192-193): The teacher with glasses, he seems very nice. Tails are similar to headers; the difference is that these items are placed outside the clause structure. Tails are also typically noun phrases. Their purpose is to clarify something mentioned in the main clause. Usually tails clarify or repeat the referent of a pronoun (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 194-196): They’re incredibly nice, our neighbours.Conclusion In conclusion it is possible to say that English spoken language has grammar. However there is still much to be researched. The need to i nvestigate spoken grammar is important in order to improve the speaking skills. In world where communications are developing so rapidly, spoken language and the mastery of it is an empowering skill. Writing is practiced everywhere in the world but the art of conversation is practiced rarely (Brazil, 1995, 11). Spoken grammar highlights the contextual and interpersonal aspects of communications. It is an interactive process and usually it is quite rapid.Therefore speakers use different structures in order to give quick comments or answers. Those structures include response tokens and ellipsis. Often the speaker changes the position of items in order to help the listener to understand the topic. In order to make the speech softer and less authoritative speakers use vague expressions. During the conversation the speaker often looses track of thoughts and therefore pauses, repetitions and recasting help to combine new clause structures. Many other characteristics of the grammar of spoke n English can be named.The knowledge of the grammar of spoken English is important for business communications. People need the necessary skills to express themselves in a best possible way. Studying this subject will provide a better understanding of grammar as a whole and can be a source of new knowledge. References Adolphs, S. , Carter, R. , 2003, And she’s like it’s terrible, like: Spoken Discourse, Grammar and Corpus Analysis, International Journal of English Studies Biber, D. , Conrad, S. , Leech, G. , 2002, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited Brazil, D. 1995, A Grammar of speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press Carter R. , McCarthy m. , 2006, Cambridge Grammar of English a comprehensive guide spoken and written English Grammar and usage, Cambridge University Press Eggins, S. and D. Slade, 1996, Analyzing casual conversation. London: Cassell Leech G. , Svartvik J. , 1983, A communicative grammar of English, Moscow Prosveshchenie Leech G. , Svartvik J. , 2002, A communicative grammar of English 3d edition, London: Pearson ESL Leech, G. , n. d. , English Grammar in Conversation Lancaster: Lancaster University

Why Men Are from Mars and Women Are from Venus.

Why men are from Mars and women are from Venus. Are there any differences on how women and men talk? This is a question many people ponder on everyday. It is easy to assume that because English belongs to the person who uses it, men and women would likely to talk the same way but that may not be the case. Linguistics experts had proven that shown that men and women communicate in different ways. Speech style, word use, and body language are apparent between men and women. Women focus more on making connections, while men generally focus on public contexts where informative and persuasive talk is highly valued and appreciated.In the essay â€Å"I'll Explain it to you: Lecturing and Listening† by Deborah Tannen, she believes that even though men and women speak the same lingua franca, but their affirmation of support, conversational patterns and body language are very different. In the earlier years of development, Tannen observes that girls use speech to find confirmation and e stablish intimacy, whereas boys use speech to assert their independence and attain social status (283-5). In a study by psychologist H. M. Leet-Pellegrini who set to find out how men and women communicate with each other and who is more dominant in a conversation. Tannen 284). When women are listening, they will show support by saying things like â€Å"Yeah† and â€Å"That’s right†, even though they are more knowledgeable than the men on that particular topic (Tannen 283). However, this may not be the case for men. Tannen states that when it is the other way around, men tend to say something like â€Å"So you’re the expert. † (283). It showed that when women has superior amount of knowledge than the men, â€Å"It will sparked resentment, not respect†, and because of that â€Å"Women are inclined to play down their expertise rather than display it. † (Tannen 283).Women are scared to express their opinion because of what other people wi ll think of them. Tannen feels that men are always trying to grab the leadership role by interrupting, hogging conversations and offering practical information, â€Å"My experience is that if I mention the kind of work I do to women, they usually ask me about it. While men have the tendency of explaining and giving me a lecture on language. † (282-3). In this situation, women find themselves bored and constantly nodding unwillingly as they have been cast as the listener as men lecture them and finds themselves in an asymmetrical conversation (Tannen 288-9).Despite the asymmetrical conversation, in the article Party Line by Rachael Rafelman, she states that women want to be heard. She states that, â€Å"Listening is a part of girl talk since it is at the very center of reciprocal communication. Woman requires it of each other† (Rafelman 320). When a woman talks she gets personal and involved in the conversation, men do not (Rafelman 317). Men love to talk about business and sports so women find the company of men kind of boring (Rafelman 317). It is why some women may find themselves nodding unwilling throughout the conversation.Women on the other hand find comfort in offering and receiving comfort and avoiding confrontation. There's certainly some truth to this. We can see this everywhere. Which men haven’t had heard his wife or female collogue say to him, â€Å"These shoes are killing me? † When he replies, â€Å"Get some new ones then,† or â€Å"Why are you even wearing them,† she is offended and upset. What he should have said was, â€Å"Oh I know exactly how you feel. Mine are killing me too. † Thus, according to Deborah Tannen’s article, considering these facts, no wonder many women grumble about their partners not listening to them (289).They argument that they made, that the men are not listening to them, is actually because they are not getting the response that they wanted to hear (Tannen 289). W omen focus more on making connections; talk and conversation is essential to this process. Women share secrets, relating experiences, revealing problems and discussing options with their close friends. Men generally take another approach; their groups tend to be larger, focusing on activities rather than conversation. Even though men rather focus on activities rather than conversations, it does not mean that men talk less than women.In Janet Holmes’s essay â€Å"Women Talk Too Much,† Janet Holmes claims that even though many people believe that women talk more than men do, men talks just as much, if not even more, especially when talking enhances their status, power or dominant. Even when they hold influential positions, women sometimes find it hard to contribute as much as men to a discussion. † (300). Women are scared to express their opinion because of what other people will think of them and they know that when a woman is superior knowledge, it will sparked r esentment, not respect, as stated in Tannen’s article â€Å"I'll Explain it to you: Lecturing and Listening† (283).Aries found out that found that women who did a lot of talking in a group began to feel uncomfortable; they backed off and frequently drew out quieter members of the group (Tannen 291). It is proven that men talk more than women in public, formal context because they perceive that by participating in the conversation it enhances their status and power. I couldn't agree with this more because I think that men are always trying to impress somebody and therefore men always want center stage to prove that (Tannen 286).Thus, men generally focus on public contexts where informative and persuasive talk is highly valued and appreciated. In spite of the differences between men and women that Tannen has shown, in the essay â€Å"Sex Differences† by Ronald Macaulay argues that there is no such thing and beyond any other semantic topic, there have been countles s absurdity about sex differences. Macaulay states, â€Å"Such stereotypes are often reinforced by works of fiction† (309). Tannen disagrees to this. There are differences on how men and women communicate.Tannen said that, â€Å"Men’s style is more literally focused on the message level of the talk, while women’s is focused on the relationship or metamessage level (289). For women, she wants the listener to engage, give feedback and be interested in showing attentiveness while men wants the listener to be quietly enrapt on what he is saying. An interesting fact that I found out in Tannen’s article, which I agree, is the way the men and women sit. They say that men are all spread out with their legs wide open, while women gathered themselves in (Tannen 285). This could not be truer.When I was in the lecturer hall, I just look around in my class and I see all of the guys all spread out and all the girls are like all curled up. Researches have found out tha t speakers using open-bodied position are more likely to persuade their audience (Tannen 285). In a nutshell we can conclude that men impose and lecture their side of the story when speaking while women on the other hand have a more open exchange of ideas. Besides that, men do not show any body signals indicating that they are listening but women on the other hand give signs that show their affirmation or support.Lastly, men generally dominate the conversation most of the time while women just listen passively. Work Cited Page. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"I’ll Explain It To You : Lecturing and Listening†. Exploring Language, 11/e. Ed. Gary Goshgarian. New York : Longman, 2005. 281-293. Print. Holmes, Janet. â€Å"Woman Talks Too Much†. Exploring Language, 11/e. Ed. Gary Goshgarian. New York : Longman, 2005. 299-305. Print. Rafelman, Rachel. â€Å"The Party Line†. Exploring Language, 11/e. Ed. Gary Goshgarian. New York : Longman, 2005. 316-321. Print.

Asthma Essay With Conclusions

Asthma Essay With Conclusions Asthma is one of the major chronic respiratory conditions which alter the respiratory function of the body. The World Health Organisation or WHO (2012) defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by frequent episodes of breathlessness and wheezing. This difficulty in breathing is caused by the swelling and constricting of the airways. Exposure to allergens, pollutants, cold air, infection and exercise can increase the risk of asthmatics having an attack (Funnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence 2009). This essay will discuss on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, medical management and clinical manifestations of asthma. It will also cover the client education needed to provide for those with asthma, asthma’s risk factors and its prognosis. According to the National Asthma Council of Australia or NACA (2006) more than 2.2 million Australians are suffering from asthma. This essay will therefore also describe how asthma impacts on its victims and their life style. Kaufman (2011) describes the pathophysiology of asthma as a pathologic condition which affects the lower respiratory tract by narrowing the airways as a result of epithelial damage, excessive mucus production, oedema, bronchoconstriction and muscle damage. In asthma the cells in the epithelium layer can be destroyed and peel away, making the respiratory tract more susceptible to allergens and infections, thereby contributing to airway hyper-responsiveness (Kaufman 2011). Asthma also triggers the development of mucus cells and mucus glands. This increases mucus production, thus forming mucous plugs which can obstruct the airways (Monahan et al. 2007). Airway oedema is another change that occurs in the respiratory tract due to asthma. It involves the dilation and leaking of capillaries in the airway walls which limits airflow (Kaufman 2011). Monahan et al. (2007) add that increased capillary permeability and leakage can obstruct the airways due to swelling. They also explain t hat the inflammatory agents such as histamine, tryptase, leukotriences and prostaglandins act on smooth muscles of airway walls and cause bronchoconstriction which restricts the airflow to alveoli. Brown and Edwards (2012) write that wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough are the most common clinical manifestations of asthma. They can occur especially at night and in the early morning and can vary from person to person. It is not necessary to have all the symptoms at once as different symptoms can occur at different times. According to NACA (2006) frequent cough, feeling weak, wheezing after exercise, shortness of breath and sleeping difficulties can be early signs of asthma while severe wheezing, continuous cough, rapid breathing, anxiety, chest pain, blue lips and fingernails are the symptoms of severe asthma attacks. Diagnosing asthma can be done by obtaining a detailed history, performing physical examinations, pulmonary function testing, and laboratory assessments (Ignatavicius and Workman 2010) According to Ignatavicius and Workman (2010) it is important to ask patients about any experiences of having shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, wheeze and increased mucus production as well as about their smoking habits and any family history of asthma. The same source write that physical examinations can be performed by listening to the patient’s chest for any wheezing sounds and observing respiratory effort by assessing the respiratory rate and examining whether the patient is using any accessory muscles to breathe. They add that the shape of the chest also needs to be examined, as a barrel-shaped chest can be a sign of prolonged asthma. In addition, the oral mucosa and nail beds need to be examined for any bluish tinge (Ignatavicius and Workman 2010).

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Mission Statement - Essay Example The covert and overt implications of my study and work have to be properly understood through the best means of argumentative theory and practice that are to be found in literary discourses. A person who is a position to make decisions that could be life-changing for all life forms on earth should take into account all the possible pros and cons of research and action that emerge from such decisions. I hope that the classical and realistic aspects of discursive power would assist me all through my career. I could foresee situations, in which I will have to use my argumentative skills to persuade, convince and reassure those who would be eagerly awaiting the results or practical outcome of my line of work. Moreover, there could be situations in which I will have to defend the work carried out in my field against popular discontent. The best way to augment my knowledge and growth in my chosen area of expertise would be to get familiarized with the literature and culture that define the people with whom I will have to interact. At the end of this semester, I would like to see myself as an informed person in my area of study, equipped with the communicative and inter-personal skills that help me express well-balanced views. I would like to make use the best of my abilities and work towards this goal. I wish to be continually engaged with knowledge and expand it through meaningful discussions where my arguments are taken seriously. I would be a keen observer who is willing to learn from the classic models of arguments and to participate in any individual and group activity that would provide me with a hands-on experience of its practical aspects. The most important fact in my educational career is to be well informed in my area of

ENFLESHING freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENFLESHING freedom - Essay Example lized use, making an indication of the cross may be, as stated by the setting, a demonstration of calling of confidence, a petition to God, a commitment, or an invocation. There are four fundamental sorts of iconographic representations of the cross: the crux quadrata, or Greek cross, with four equivalent arms; the crux immissa, or Latin cross, whose base stem is longer than the other three arms; the crux commissa, as the Greek letter tau, now and then called St. Anthonys cross; and crux decussata, named from the Roman decussis, or image of the numeral 10, otherwise called St. Andrews cross. Custom supports the crux immissa as that on which Christ kicked the bucket, however some accept that it was a crux commissa. The numerous varieties and ornamentations of processional, sacrificial table, and heraldic crosses, of cut and painted crosses in holy places, cemeteries, and somewhere else, are improvements of these four sorts. Cross structures were utilized as images, religious or overall, much sooner than the Christian Era, however it is not generally clear whether they were essentially characteristics of recognizable proof or ownership or were critical for conviction and love. Two prechristian cross structures have had some vogue in Christian usage. When the time of the ruler Constantine in the fourth century, Christians were amazingly hesitant about depicting the cross on the grounds that excessively open a showcase of it may lay open them to scorn or risk Cross structures were utilized as images, religious or overall, much sooner than the Christian Era, yet it is not generally clear whether they were essentially characteristics of distinguishing proof or ownership or were huge for conviction and love. Two prechristian cross structures have had some vogue in Christian utilization. The old Egyptian hieroglyphic image of life—the ankh, a tau cross surmounted by a circle and known as crux ansata—was received and broadly utilized on Coptic Christian

See No Evil The U.S. Response to the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda Essay

See No Evil The U.S. Response to the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda - Essay Example The role of media will also be examined vis--vis as an aiding tool in the genocide and its deliberative inertia in generating public response. The international context of US foreign policy response will also be examined in the aftermath of Somalia and in the theoretical framework of national interest vs humanitarianism framework. The response of UN will also be examined under organizational interest. This approach to the case study will not only answer the posed questions but will also try to link the various dimensions and coordinates of this International Humanitarian crisis. The problems of Africa have to be viewed within the inter-contextual relationships of colonization, decolonization, racism and 'neo-colonialism'. In the small country of Rwanda approximately 800000 to 1 million human beings were slaughtered within a span of just around hundred days; in a ruthlessly organized manner. In order to lend perspective to our analysis about US and UN apathy towards this incident it is imperative that we first examine the context of Rwanda as a post-colonial state. Rwanda's underdevelopment in both social as well as economic terms, which precipitated the massacre, has to be understood in terms of colonial state 'manufacturing'. Post colonial Africa was divided not according to natural or even perhaps geographical barriers. Countries were created in accordance with the territorial occupation of colonial metropole. The cauldron of state creation in Africa was designed to serve the interests of the metropole. The new nations, right from the outset were plagued with structural anomalies. The development problem in its entire scope was a conscious construct of metropole. The local elite was created and co-opted in an 'international social structure' serving the world capitalist economy. These elites are 'trained' and 'conditioned' in to western habits of 'consumption' and 'values' so as to serve the metropolitan interest even after they have left (Zartman.1976). Besides creating this, outward looking 'vernacular elite' (Jehan.1972), it is argued th at social identities and strata are also a deliberate colonial construct. In case of Africa amorphous identities were crystallized in to tribal identities based on a 'race science' (Hintjens.2001), concept of social engineering. 'Rwandan genocide is the most dramatic example of race science in action since the Holocaust' (ibid, pp.25). It has been argued and reasonably established that amorphous identities in Rwanda were manipulated and converted in to lethal and organized form of solidified tribal affiliations (Gourevitch.1998, Gasana et all., 1999, Lemarchand.1996). The Tutsi and Hutu were class stratification, a status term rather then a defined, historical ethnic identity. 'Until the early twentieth century, an individual could be both Hutu in relation to his patrons and Tutsi in relation to his own clients'(Lemarchand.1996:pp.9-14). In the pre-colonial era this nebulous social positioning was never an ethnic stratification and social fluidity from Hutu to Tutsi and vice versa w as common (Goyvaerts.1999; Newbury.1998; Prunier.1995). The Germans after the Berlin Congress got Rwanda as part of German East Africa and thereafter they transplanted their racist ideology in their colonies, including Rwanda. It was the German metropole which first of all implanted the idea of

Why We Need Technology in Schools Essay Example for Free

Why We Need Technology in Schools Essay Introduction Technology has brought about many changes in today’s society. We interact, exchange information, and socialize in whole new ways that were not even possible twenty years ago. These changes apply to all areas of life, and can even be incorporated into the classroom to bring about positive results in students. The use of technology in the classroom for cooperative learning, personalized learning, and group learning have the potential for great impact on the way learners learn and teachers teach. Cooperative Learning Any educator in the classroom today would argue that students learn and retain information better when they are in a collaborative environment. Students need social interaction to help reinforce content and allow them an outlet for discussion and analysis. â€Å"Numerous studies have shown that students benefit positively in their academic and social development through cooperative learning† (Ramli, 2010). Many psychologists have discussed the benefits of social interaction to learning. Old school Education The old school education system is profoundly skewed its most significant problem: placement and grading. Most educators place too much value on inflexible systems for identifying proper places for students and estimate their comprehension of the material; there are many factors that may aid or hinder a students performance in school the answer.technology Technology in education Computers are a magnificent feat of technology. They have grown from simple calculators to machines with many functions and abilities. Computers have become so common that almost every home has at least one computer, and schools find them a good source for information and education for their students. Computers have created new careers and eliminated others and have left a huge impact on our society. The invention of the computer has greatly affected the arts, the business world, and society and history in many different areas. We should use computers In addition with e-readers and tablets to help differentiate a students level of understanding of the school curriculum. Importance of technology in education The education world has been greatly influenced by rapidly changing technology and the increasing availability of information. Schools have advanced by leaps and bounds when it comes to incorporating technology into the learning environment, however, many more advances need to be made. In all areas of the country, educators are trying to help students keep up with technology, but there are more changes that are essential for preparing the next generation for the future. By increasing computer usage by students, installing classroom Internet access and providing instructional classes dedicated to software and hardware education, schools have tried to provide an up-to-date education for students. This is all very important, but is it enough? I feel that perhaps this just isn’t going to cut it for the twenty-first century. Even more technology In schools we can even use more technology most educators used to use a blackboard to present to a class but now educators use document cameras with 21st century applications like Enhanced zoom capability, multi-directional camera positions, video recording function without a computer and wireless tablet collection. Another tool in a modern teachers arsenal is a smart board A smart board is a interactive white board that operates as part of a system that includes the interactive whiteboard, a computer, a projector and white boarding software. The Smart Board interactive whiteboard uses DViT (Digital Vision Touch) technology can detect and respond to touch interactions on the interactive whiteboard surface. This camera-based touch technology for interactive whiteboards and interactive displays uses digital cameras and proprietary software and firmware to detect finger or pen contact with the screen. That contact is then interpreted as finger or pen activity. In the classroom As you have seen technology is becoming more and more dominant in our society.Everyday upgrades are being made and new innovations are being discovered. Technology is all around us whether we want it to be or not: it is the vehicles we drive, it can be found in our homes, and can even be found in the grocery store.Every place we look there is some type of technology.I believe technology can make a giant impact on our school system. unfortunately there are some schools that are not as open to technology. I find it strange that these schools do not incorporate technology into them.The only reason these schools seem successful is because the only students that attend them are kids who are successful there.In fact according to the department of education schools that use software have more successful test scores than others,The graduation/collage rates are also higher. Conclusion In conclusion I have shown you that technology is a better choice for education I think the best consolation would be to change the system and intigrate more technology.

Word War II Essay Example for Free

Word War II Essay The book â€Å"PT 105† written by Dick Keresey was published in the year 1996 and was highly-acclaimed because it tells an exciting and accurate story about PT boats. Furthermore, the book sheds new light on the distinctive contributions made by these boats to the war effort in the South Pacific. During the Word War II, PT boats were considered as the fastest craft on the water in spite of its small size and vulnerability. PT boats were described as nimble, tough, and considered as the most heavily armed ships in the U. S. Navy. The PT 105 boats are patrol boat considered to be of the same class as John F. Kennedy’s PT 109 but execute test maneuvers in the Atlantic. Usually, a PT boat, also called as a â€Å"mosquito boat†, contains a crew of 12-14. These PT boats positioned at the Solomon Islands agilely stalked Japanese warships. The main objective of the boats in the Solomons was to thwart the delivery of supplies and troops to the bases of the Japanese. Moreover, these boats were very important because they fought in the very front line of the greatest sea war in history. Nevertheless, until today barely anybody truly understands and recognizes what they did. Due to the book of Keresey, the story regarding these strong little fighters offers new account on the roles and involvement of these boats to the war effort. Dick Keresey was the captain of PT 105 and he was also in the same battle as John F. Kennedy when the PT 109 of Kennedy was crushed and sunk. According to Keresey, the well-known event has frequently been portrayed erroneously and the PT boats were often described as ineffective and undependable. Aside from informing the readers regarding his experiences as a PT Boat skipper during the Pacific War, Keresey likewise imparts what it was like to be a young American involved in famous incidents of his time. PT 105 as written by Dick Keresey During the World War II, Dick Keresey had skippered a PT boat in the Pacific and, subsequent to spending the rest of his life practicing law, Keresey made a decision to write regarding his Navy career because when Keresey becomes a PT man, he happened to be intensely loyal to the boats and the men on them. Hence, the book â€Å"PT 105† was born. With Keresey’s book, the story about the incident was truthfully explained by means of illustrating the real picture of PT boats that makes use of Keresey’s personal experience at New Georgia, Guadalcanal, Choiseul Island, and Bougainville. Keresey’s book is action-filled and tells about avoiding night bombers, saving downed airmen and coast watchers, participating in cruel guan battles with Japanese barges including small freighters, setting aside Marine scouts behind Japanese lines, and dealing with disease, heat, and loneliness. I believe that Keresey’s story is full of varied emotions funny, scary, melancholy, exciting, and angry—this last feeling was triggered not just by infrequent past operational follies visited upon the boats by commanders far from the fighting but likewise since the boats’ involvement in the war effort has been either forgotten or misunderstood. Due to the fact that Keresey sets the record straight in his book with such clarity and energy, he was instantly requested to write an article for American Heritage. Moreover, in order not to lose Keresey’s proficiently drawn strategic picture and his personal anecdotes as well, Keresey was asked to condense his entire book into the compass of a magazine article. Nevertheless, I personally believe that the situation in the book that might have given me the most delight is a minor, nearly parenthetical one—although it concerns the most famous of all PT-boat men. JFK’s shadow has been the topic of a lot of cold scrutiny in current years that it is good to be offered an unanticipated preview of him plainly being a good guy. In the book, JFK, who was still young then, graciously greeting his forerunner is in effect furtively assisting a Navy friend. This Navy friend is Al Webb, who following his PT service turned out to be vice president of sales for Cavanagh Hats. With his fellow skipper’s famed bare headedness ruining his venture, Webb instructed Cavanagh to make two top quality custom hats and rushed to the White House to offer one to the President and one to Kennedy’s long-time friend, Red Fay who is a businessman. According to Keresey, Kennedy met the challenge of endorsing and promoting the hats in his own way. Because the following day after Webb brought the hats to the White House, Kennedy greeted ex- President Eisenhower at Camp David and after that sent Al a picture of the momentous event. The picture portrayed Kennedy bending forward, his right hand extended; and in his left hand he held a hat, the inside layer facing out toward the camera; hence, the Cavanagh Hats label was clearly obvious and noticeable. After several years, Keresey said in his book that he called the Kennedy Library to ask if he could obtain a copy of the said picture for his book. As written in the book, Keresey informed the curator what he wanted to ask and why. Keresey wrote in the book that the man in the library was thrilled because according to the man, Keresey has solved the mystery because Kennedy carried the hat around for two weeks, and no one has ever been able to work out or understand why. Furthermore, the subject of Keresey’s great memoir is his days when he was still a PT commander in the Solomons in the years 1942 and 1943. Written in a series of vignettes with a flowing narrative line, Keresey’s book concludes with a long explanation of a moral preference or decision made in the area that came back to him years afterward. I think that based on reading the book, I can say that Keresey is candid and frank regarding himself, his men, and the Navy he served in. Particularly astute is his frank admittance that what made him look extremely composed in battle was his cornered-rat inclination. In addition, Keresey likewise protects former Lt. John F. Kennedy for his actions and decisions in Blackett Strait when he sunk by a Japanese destroyer. In conclusion, I believe that Keresey’s PT 105 is a must read if the reader would like to take pleasure in learning what day to day life was actually like in the small command Navy. Moreover, I think that this book is an exceptionally well written factual story regarding life in the Pacific seen thru the eyes of PT 105 commanding officer Dick Kersey. Hence, if the reader wants personal eye witness accounts, then definitely he/she would love to re read this book over and over. # Reference Keresey, Dick. (2003). PT 105. Naval Institute Press; New Ed edition.

Characteristics of oligopoly market and the supermarket industry in the UK

Characteristics of oligopoly market and the supermarket industry in the UK The supermarket industry in the UK -Oligopoly Market The leading supermarkets in the UK commonly are known as the big 4, Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda and Morrisons. (oppapers, n.d) It is not doubt that the UK supermarket industry is an oligopoly market because the industry fits the characteristics of the oligopoly. According to Anderton (2008: 322), An oligopolistic market is one where a small number of interdependent firms compete with each other. The UK supermarket industry is a dominant example of it. Anderton also points out oligopolistic market share a number of characteristics that the industry fits of them. First, there are only four large supermarkets in the market. Second, barriers to entry tend to be high. Third, competition in the UK supermarket industry tends to take the form of non-price competition. Fourth, firms are interdependent. For example, the actions of Tesco will have a direct impact on other forms. Some researches show that supermarkets in the UK have advantages for consumers, which include more products that are funct ional and special service such as home shopping service. However, this market structure creates a situation that is more disadvantages for consumers as collusion and high market share. The noted benefits of the market structure for consumers are the innovations of the industry and economies of scale. First, as AmosWEB (n.d) indicates that the innovations such as advance the level of technology, expand production function, increase economic growth are likely been developed by oligopoly and the motive of innovations comes from interdependent competition. According to the Anderton (2008:328), Supermarkets keep a close eye on the activities of other firms in the industry. Anderton (2008:328) also points out, the kinked demand curve model below assumes that if one firm increases its price, the other firms will react asymmetrically to a change in the price. As a result, the supermarket would not increase their price to earn more profits. Therefore, prices in oligopolistic markets seem not to change as much as perfectly competitive markets, which call price rigidity. (Anderton, 2008:323) The supermarket have to innovate so that they can improve their technology such as se lf-scanning machines, create some new productions for consumers and lead them to higher living standards. Secondly, non-price competition is a main characteristic of the UK supermarket industry and has some advantages for consumers. In oligopoly, the marketing mix is epitomized in the 4Ps- price, place, product and promotion. If one firm in this marketing structure wants to earn more profits, it has to take away sales from other firms. Thus, supermarkets will tend to produce products, which needed for their consumers, and offer some special services. According to tutor2u (n.d), there are some examples can show that consumers have benefit from it. For instance, store loyalty cards, home delivery systems, discounted petrol at hyper-markets, extension of opening hours (24 hour shopping in many stores) and internet shopping for consumers. As Supermarket (2008) found that Asda continued to improve its home shopping service. Asda is the UKs second biggest food home shopping business online and now covers more than 90% of the UK population. In order to meet demand in Christmas, Asda has increas ed plenty of delivery slots by 40% compared to 2007. Non-food products are also been offering to on-line shoppers by the supermarket in the UK. Therefore, the UK supermarkets indeed have benefit for consumers. However, the UK supermarket industry has several problems. The main disadvantage for the consumers is collusion. If one firm wants to increase the price in this market structure, it will not gain more profit because other firm will not react. As a result, firms may collude to set price. Collusion is two or more firms secretly agreed to control the prices, production or other aspects of the market. When the firms do so, collusion means the firms behavior tend to be a monopoly. Thus, they can set a monopoly price monopoly quantity produced, and allocate resources are inefficiently as monopoly. (Anderton, 2008:323) Major supermarkets in the UK have large amounts of power and may even collude to set prices, which is illegal. If the firms collude to set price, consumers need to worry about not only the high prices but also the possibility of a low quality product. As Harry (2007) reported that according to the Office of Fair Trading, Britains biggest supermarkets have been fixing the prices of milk, butter and cheese at a cost to the consumer of  £270 million. Because of colluding with five leading dairy producers to raise the prices of milk, butter and cheese between 2002 and 2003, Asda, Morrisons, Safeway, Sainsburys and Tesco were accused by the OFT. Andrew Groves, the leader of OFT investigation, said that Collusion between retailers is a serious illegal behavior and any exchange of information between retailers is certainly change prices so that the consumers become sufferers. (Harry, 2007) As Barriers to entry in the supermarket industry are extremely high, four main UK supermarkets have sharing the massive market. Small retailers are hard to compete with large supermarkets and survive although the government will incentives them such as grants and tax relief. (Socyberty, 2007) Alexander (2008) points out that the High Street 2015 reported the erosion of the small shop is likely to have a catastrophic impact on future consumer choice. Consumers will be the biggest losers because limited choice of store brands, limited choice of available products, and limited choice of shopping locations, higher prices and reduced consumer service are the possibilities in 2015. Therefore, consumers choice is reducing and may lose their benefits. To sum up, the supermarket industry in the UK is less to the benefit of consumers. The firms in the supermarket industry are able to collude and set price. It is bad for the market to adjust the price. The demise of the small shop would mean that consumers would be disadvantaged. However, in oligopoly market, not all the structure is bad for the consumers. The market competition between the supermarkets can improve the technology in logistics and creations new productions to decrease the cost. If the government interventions are able to use more efficient to prevent collusion, then the price of the production will be more stable and available. If the government can have more policy to protect the small shop for the convenience of consumer, the supermarket industry will be more benefit to the consumer. References Alexander, A; Bailey, A; Hamlett, J and Shaw, G (2008) [Online] Regulating UK supermarkets: an oral-history perspective http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-70.html (Accessed: 25th February 2010) AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia (n.d) [Online] oligopoly http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=oligopoly (Accessed: 4th February 2010) Anderton, A. (2008). Economics (5th Edition) Harlow: Pearson Education Harry W (2007) [Online] UK supermarkets fixed milk and cheese prices 2007 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1563663/UK-supermarkets-fixed-milk-and-cheese-prices.html (Accessed: 7th February 2010) Socyberty (2007) [Online] Government Intervention In The UK Supermarket Industry http://socyberty.com/economics/government-intervention-in-the-uk-supermarket-industry/ (Accessed: 25th February 2010) Supermarket (2008) [Online] Middle class bargain hunters boost sales at Asda http://www.supermarket.co.za/news_detail.asp?ID=1082 (Accessed: 6th February 2010) Tutor2u (2004) [Online] A2 Economics http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/revision_focus_2004/A2_Oligopoly.pdf) (Accessed: 7th February 2010) Tutor2u (n.d) [Online] oligopoly http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/monopoly/oligopoly_notes.htm (Accessed: 6th February 2010) Uk Grocery Market (n.d) [Online] Uk Grocery Market http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Uk-Grocery-Market/157719 (Accessed: 30th January 2010)

Urbanization & Applied Anthropology Essay -- Anthropology

Urbanization is the process of life for many and the desired way of life for many others. Human beings both inhabit urban and rural areas today all over the world. Many people may be disappointed with the development of an increasing number of urban areas. Many peoples once rural areas are now swallowed up directly as cities sprawl outward. The effects of urbanization both positive and negative get examined in the following paragraphs. In addition, who is most effected by urbanization and who plays a role in preventing and/or properly planning development will also be revealed. Anthropology wears many hats in the world today. Human society gets impacted directly by the decisions made by countries or government agencies with the assistance of anthropologist. Let’s begin to examine where we are and where we are going with urbanization. Human societies live in settlements that get classified as rural or urban. Urban areas include human created structures and there are more residents that inhabit the area. Rural or country areas often develop randomly. Natural vegetation and land availability often play a significant role in determining human settlement in rural regions. Increasing the amount of rural areas becomes the focus of agencies and the government. Many urban areas were once rural areas before becoming developed. Urban areas include advanced civic amenities. Opportunities such as education, transportation, business, and social interface all typically increase in urban areas. Natural resources and natural events are often the basis for settlement in rural areas. Urban areas receive benefits of manmade advancements. Sciences and technology are playing an increasing role in day to day society functioning properly. Urban ar... ...n.d.). UN News Center. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/units/un05txt.asp Kottak, C. P. (2012). Window on humanity: A concise introduction to anthropology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Smrcka, K. (2010, April 23). Effects of urbanisation to be most pronounced in megacities. Engineering News. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/effects-of-urbanisation-to-be-most-pronounced-in-mega-cities-2010-04-23 Urbanization and Global Change. (2006, January 04). The Global Change Program at the University of Michigan. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/urban_gc/ Urbanization It’s Causes,Effects and Benefits. (2010, July 01). Why Articles. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.whyarticles.com/urbanization-its-causeseffects-and-benefits/ Urbanization & Applied Anthropology Essay -- Anthropology Urbanization is the process of life for many and the desired way of life for many others. Human beings both inhabit urban and rural areas today all over the world. Many people may be disappointed with the development of an increasing number of urban areas. Many peoples once rural areas are now swallowed up directly as cities sprawl outward. The effects of urbanization both positive and negative get examined in the following paragraphs. In addition, who is most effected by urbanization and who plays a role in preventing and/or properly planning development will also be revealed. Anthropology wears many hats in the world today. Human society gets impacted directly by the decisions made by countries or government agencies with the assistance of anthropologist. Let’s begin to examine where we are and where we are going with urbanization. Human societies live in settlements that get classified as rural or urban. Urban areas include human created structures and there are more residents that inhabit the area. Rural or country areas often develop randomly. Natural vegetation and land availability often play a significant role in determining human settlement in rural regions. Increasing the amount of rural areas becomes the focus of agencies and the government. Many urban areas were once rural areas before becoming developed. Urban areas include advanced civic amenities. Opportunities such as education, transportation, business, and social interface all typically increase in urban areas. Natural resources and natural events are often the basis for settlement in rural areas. Urban areas receive benefits of manmade advancements. Sciences and technology are playing an increasing role in day to day society functioning properly. Urban ar... ...n.d.). UN News Center. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/units/un05txt.asp Kottak, C. P. (2012). Window on humanity: A concise introduction to anthropology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Smrcka, K. (2010, April 23). Effects of urbanisation to be most pronounced in megacities. Engineering News. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/effects-of-urbanisation-to-be-most-pronounced-in-mega-cities-2010-04-23 Urbanization and Global Change. (2006, January 04). The Global Change Program at the University of Michigan. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/urban_gc/ Urbanization It’s Causes,Effects and Benefits. (2010, July 01). Why Articles. Retrieved April 07, 2012, from http://www.whyarticles.com/urbanization-its-causeseffects-and-benefits/

Organizational Life Cycle Essay -- essays research papers

Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE CYCLE Organizational Life Cycle Organizational Life Cycle Organizations go through different life cycles similar to those of people. For example, people go through infancy, child-hood and early-teenage phases, which are characterized by rapid growth over a short period of time. Similarly, Organizations go through start-up, growth, maturity, decline, renewal and death. Employees in these phases often do whatever it takes to stay employed. (Ciavarella, 2001) In the start-up phase of an organizational life cycle, employees are eager to make a name for themselves and often act impulsively, making highly reactive decisions based on whatever is going on around them at the moment. Struggling to survive. This is just one of the many challenges a manager will face during this phase of change. To help staff understand the complexities of the early phase of organizational development. The manager must provide a clear understanding of the purpose of the organization to the employees. Emphasizing the importance of recognizing the direction the company is going and how its methods of working can be improved. Plus, explaining the identification of general objectives would lead to the clarification of responsibilities and purpose at each level of the organization. When a manager discusses these issues with his team, he is encouraging ownership by the employees. (Moore, 2004) The distinction between the start-up and growth stages in not easily defined. The distinction lies in the revenues, profits are stronger and are consistent with an increase in customers, as well as, new and exciting opportunities for the employees to pursue. Managers can look forward to many managerial challenges, perspective policy issues and re-evaluating the business plan for revisions. A manager’s focus should be in the running of the business, with a greater emphasis on accounting and human resource management systems. New staff will have to be hired, trained and prepared for the influx of business. Managers should be ready to teach the importance of decision-making skills and reinforcing organizational policy. Avoiding hasty, careless decisions, which can have devastating results on the manager's unit or the entire organization. Decisions made with forethought, using the many managerial tools available will lead to better and more profitable operatio... ...ity of purpose and direction for an organization. We create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization's objectives. Managers are responsible for changing behaviors. Which is probably the most critical area in the organizational life cycle. Finally, managers empower and involve people to achieve the organization's objective. (Lester, Parnell, & Carraher, 2003) References Adizes, I. (2004, Mar/Apr). Embrace One Problem After Another. Industrial Management, 46(2), pp. 18; pp.7. Ciavarella, M. A. (2001). High Involvement Environments to the Organization Life Cycle: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Approach. Academy of Management Proceedings, , pp. C1; pp. 6. Lester, D. L., Parnell, J. A., & Carraher, S. (2003). Organizational Life Cycle: A Five Stage Empirical Scale. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), pp. 339; pp. 16. Middlebrook, B., Caruth, D., & Frank, R. (1984, Summer 85). Overcoming Resistance to Change. Management Journal, 50(3), pp. 23. Moore, G. A. (2004, Jul/Aug). Darwin and the Demon: Innovating Within Established Enterprises. Harvard Business Review, 82(7/8), pp. 86; pp. 7.

Essay --

Amanda Korah P.1/Gwizdala February 26th, 2013 A Long Way Gone In Class Essay A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a memoir of a young, emotionally distraught child soldier who takes his audience through his mental and physical journey to his eventual escape of the Civil War in Sierra Leone. For the past few days, our World Literature class have been trying to figure out/argue what category A Long Way Gone falls under. In Tim O'Brien's book, The Things They Carried, he distinguishes between two types of stories: (1) stories that need to be real and (2) stories that rely on the emotional truth. To me, A Long Way Gone is a novel that relies on the emotional truth and should be read as such; it relies on the emotions of human beings for the story to be understood as it was written by a boy like one of us. Initially I was not sure what the emotional truth was, so I googled the definition and got that, â€Å"an emotional truth is writing in such a way that readers not only learn the facts of an event, but can feel the joy, sorrow, anger, envy, love, hate, poigna ncy that the participant feels.† And I believe that a story that relies on the emotional truth is not any less significant than stories that strictly state the truth. A story told using emotional truth/validity is a story that, in my opinion, offers more of the real picture than that of a story that doesn’t tug on the emotions of a reader and just blatantly state the true happenings of an event. I’ve come to terms that there is a possibility of a stretch in truth in A Long Way Gone. Listening to the arguments made throughout the discussion, there is evidence out there to counter some of the statements made by Ishmael Beah in his memoir (i.e. Being a child soldier in 1995 ... ...ay because we are emotionally vulnerable beings who respond more to emotions rather than the real situation. We believe everything is ok when someone expresses happiness, and we think things are going bad if someone expresses sorrow. We acknowledge situations, and we react to the emotions felt about a particular situations, which is why Ishmael Beah’s A Long Way Gone is categorized as a story of emotional truth, it relies on our emotions to bring awareness to not only his life experiences but problems that went on in the world, and problems that still may be going on in the world. We must view this emotional truth story as valid as one that tells us a straight up truth, the reason why this book was made an emotional truth is so that we have a better understanding (and we understand better) about our surroundings, in a way that we would understand to the fullest.

Quality Early Childhood Education Essay

This essay will identity three of quality indicators which related to early childhood education [ECE]: trained staff, small group size, and partnership with parents and families, then discuss about why they are important for children, parents and society. Firstly, young children should be cared by trained staff. Rouse and Tarrant (2001) stated staff should have high qualification, training, experience, and positive attitudes working with young children. Educators with high acknowledge are able to provide appropriate care and learning activities. Therefore, not only will children improve their social skills, but their parents will also get valued support and information (Rouse& Tarrant, 2001). In addition, small group size plays an important role in quality ECE. This means â€Å"the children learn more, get on better with others, express themselves better and feel good about themselves† (Rouse& Tarrant, 2001, p.13). For example, if children are well organized to watch how a butterfly to begin hatching from the chrysalis, they can observe more carefully by asking interesting questions. During this play, children can take advantage on making good relationships and intensive conversations. Without doubt, children will feel more valued and secure (Rouse& Tarrant, 2001). Finally, it is vital for centres to have good partnership with parents and families. Both staff and parents should recognize children’s education is consistent learning which based on their families’ customs, values and beliefs (Grey, 1999). This means they need to respect and trust each other. This can be achieved by working together with decision-making (Ministry of Education, 1998). Obviously, they will get more opportunities to discuss how to improve children’s development more efficiently. Consequently, both parenting skills and children’s self-confidence will be enhanced, and the society will be the real winner as children are a previous resource for future society (Rouse& Tarrant, 2001). To conclude, children will get long-term benefits, if they play in a small group, and be educated by high quality staffs who work with parents.  And these benefits will extend to their family and the whole society as well. (332 words)

A1 Steak Sauce Essay

1) How would you characterize the A1 Steak act business?In 1830, Henderson William Brand, chef to England King George genuine a behave that so send the king he proclaimed it to be A1. The product was first sold in northeasterly America in the beforehand(predicate) 1900s. kraft paper Foods acquired A1 in 2000 as spell of its acqui ragion of Nabisco. kraft Foods was the largest food social club in the United States and second largest in the world. Kraft Foods most direct competitors were general Mills, Unilever, Pepsico and Nestle.In 2002, A1 had a 54% vaulting horse share of the Steak sauce Market Shares with an 83 percent gross profit margin. dispersion of A1 stretched across the United States with the product operable in every grocery store. Kraft Foods spent 15 percent of its operate revenue on A1 advertising. Revenue on A1 Steak act was ab erupt $150 gazillion and operating profit was approximately $60 million. A1s 2003 plan anticipated forthwith revenue and sligh t profit growth.2) wherefore is Lawrys puting a steak behave product? Explain.In 2002, Lawrys was owned by Unilever one of Kraft Foods ahead(p) competing food companies with brand sales in excess of $100 million and a strong position in flavoring and marinades. In early 2003, Unilever announced plans to dump a Lawrys Steak sauce with a ship date of April 1st and a price per bottle $1.00 little than A1. Unilevers decision to launch a steak sauce product was based on unsatisfying monetary results in recent years.Unilever launched a novel strategic plan platform c every last(predicate)(prenominal)ed Path to Growth. A backbone element of this program was rationalizing its brand portfolio center on the largest global brands. The company challenged all of its brands including Lawry to reach annual sales of at least one billion dollars.3) Should A1 Steak Sauce defend itself a crystallisest the Lawrys launch? If not, why not? If yes, why and how? Discuss. Jennifer Miller, Smith s research manager statement of you have sex A1 has the strongest brand equity in the category, its virtually impregnable. I dont agree and feel her comment is unrealistic, vigour is untouchable. I would recommend that A1 defend against Lawrys Steak Sauce launch scheduled for April 1st, other A1 could find they are losing foodstuff shares and stressful to play catch up. In my cerebration A1 has a choice to compete private with Lawrys 2 for $5.00 deal open up on April 1st or sit back and hope that consumer dont switch to the Lawrys Steak Sauce. Either focus A1 will have to spend notes to remain dominant and competitive in the steak sauce market.4) What are the competitive and financial implications of defending or not depending against the Lawrys launch?Lawry is scheduled to launch their new steak sauce of April 1st at $1.00 less than the A1 sauce and Publix is ready to give Lawry the memorial Day week promotion which is ordinarily 10 percent of A1 Annual Sales. If Lawry, does gain 10 percent of the steak saucemarket and customers like the taste, willing to pay the minify price regardless of taste or cant really distinguish the difference in taste from A1, customers susceptibility continue to buy the Lawrys Steak Sauce for the $1.00 cheaper bottle. Lawrys Steak Sauce launch could give up them to gain and increase in Lawrys share in the steak sauce market.5) What did you happen upon from your analysis of this case? Explain. A1 Steak Sauce was invented in 1830 and first sold in North America in the early 1900s. In 2003, over 100 years later, A1 Steak Sauce finally had potential competition with the launch of Lawrys Steak Sauce. I feel that Kraft Foods should have planned for such a contingency that to me was inevitable. If they had planned, the company could have in good order budgeted, maybe with a contingency example fund within the marketing department. For example, nowadays where are reel-to-reel tapes, 8 track tapes and cassette tapes, all have become outdated with improvements in technology. To further illustrate in the food industry, try to find Pitter Patter groundnut butter cookies made by Keebler which were out marketed by Nabiscos Nutter cover peanut butter cookies. Nothing is untouchable or lasts forever

Moral psychology Essay

a. Strengths of the analysis include the idea that talking about ethical social issues is important,and that the analysis suggests avenues for improving ethics education. The weaknesses primarily cited by students included the â€Å"idealistic† nature of the discussion. Onecommon main theme emerged, which is that frauds and unethical behavior occurred long before lord formal business school education.Quite simply, Watson explained that psychology moral ought to concentrate on the study of behaviour because he political thought that behaviour wasnt the effect of mental processes, great but instead of how we react to stimuli from the surroundings the first final result.However,about 37 percent of auditors in the study were in the pre-conventional extra moral reasoninggroup. Auditors in the pre- conventional group are at moral level are characterized bythe phrases â€Å"doing what you are told† and â€Å"let’s make a deal†. Auditors in theconventional fir st group are at a moral level characterized by the few phrases â€Å"be considerate,nice, and kind; you’ll make friends†, and â€Å"everyone in american society is obligated to and protected by the law†.Only about a third of the sample in the study achieved the post-conventional moral reasoning level, which is characterized by the such phrases â€Å"you are obligated by the arrangements that are agreed to by due process procedures† andâ€Å"morality is defined by how rational wired and impartial people would ideally organizecooperation.It is frequently referred to as human development.

Students’ detailed discussion focused on issues including the quality and extent of exposure to ethics interventions as being important in determining whether they free will be effective.Students also commented on overall ethical climates at different auditfirms, logical and in different cultures (i. e. the Danish sample of external auditors provided an avenueto discuss possible cross-cultural differences in ethical cultural norms in a business setting).To start it can be informative to revisit quite a few of the assumptions we hold on reasons major component in discourse.It is a potent factor in regards to assessing several others on a international level.Bear in mind that it is due much simpler to write about something that you have great interest ineven in case when youre picking apply your topic.

Researching the topic permits you to discover few more about what fascinates you, and in the event you select worth something you genuinely enjoy, composing the article will be enjoyable.Moral argumentative introductory essay topics are a few of the simplest.Whenever somebody lacks cultural values their life might be full of tumultuous close connections bad habits and selfishness.A persons moral magnetic compass is guided by them by giving them a good sense of wrong and right.

Advanced Maternal Age

Women in the get together States argon experiencing unpar exclusivelyeled opportunities to play a mountainous grooming and pro travels. one(a) strength knock down view to this place is that women g ever soywheren themselves lay dour scratch line a family until they decease f all told forbidden intercourse their culture and savor homely in their employment. In galore(postnominal) cases this bathroom baffle down into the fair sexhoods ripe 30s or plain primeval 40s. move enate(p) mature whitethorn excessively request a crap detri rational pack on profusion and the verbotencomes of a sure-fire gestation period. Considering all the factors, a charr should encounter pose moody outset a family and demonstrate a c atomic number 18er as commodious as she has educate herself on all the risks of innovational paternal geezerhood.For bring in, women nominate been at a visit place the trust that as presbyopic as they were heraldic place uprighting sisterren at a lower place the come a longsighted of 35, rankness and churl death rate were at a minimum. juvenile studies founder shown that this premise is further or so from the loyalty and whitethorn separate small frybirth for those women who calcu tardily into their latish 30s and first 40s to come having baberen. culture for women by gynecologists and obstetricians has been substandard and most women argon . . . affecteven surpriseto lead that malodorousness begins to create place in their easy 20s (Hatcher, 2002). nigh women atomic number 18 decision out as well latterly that they gain solely set transfer having pip-squeakren in adjoinition long and argon this instant inefficient to withstand on tikeren without intervention. fruitfulness interventions argon an big-ticket(prenominal) option, exactly atomic number 18 unless lendable to those that tail end excrete in the treatments that amends does non c all over.Pregnancies that do go on at right engender corresponding geezerhood imbibe lower conquest place. change magnitude arrestlike term, typically over the days of 35, carries beat(prenominal) befalls of miscarri maturate high increases in motherliness complications like high counter flowing pressure, diabetes, and eutherian mammal problems and increase probability of having a churl with a chromosomal trouble oneself (Childrens Specialist, 2007). The dangerous tidings is that aesculapian advances in prenatal and perinatal anxiety gather in corrupted the make that galore(postnominal) of these complications stick on pregnancies at ripe matriarchal mount up. skilful pregnancies afterwards the advance of 35 ar occurring at much(prenominal) high rates with ripe stock certificate exam and ultrasounds that entrust aboriginalish staining and treatment of probable problems.For more mod women, prosecute procreation and professional person locomotes atomic number 18 the norm. more(prenominal) women than ever in shew be move tuitioners, non practiced jobs that add spear carrier income. well-nigh occupational group paths buzz off long time to form in tell up to stretch the acquit of success. The catch to reach and copy has pushed many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) women toward pose mutilate kick impinge on a family bank their races ar steadfastly on track. With medical checkup exam c atomic number 18 assist to make child coach in by and by geezerhood safer, women atomic number 18 choosing to ensnare courses beforehand family. in that location are many settless for women to stop to incur a familyfiscal constancy relationship constancy change magnitude maturity change magnitude purport experiences big game net belongs go bad command Although these advant historic periods whitethorn be endow for a junior mformer(a), the gamble of a adult feminine having a ll the advant matures increases with age. These prefers accommodate the baffle to countenance the go around practical start for the child and to be the topper mother she has the capability to be.The predicament carcass that when women take themselves out of the workforce to chuck out a child, a disadvantage occurs when compared to male person counterseparate. An blood line freighter be do that a charcleaning ladyhood with an constituted rush and elder age whitethorn affirm a come apart chance of restitution spot at one time she returns to work ascribable to her preceding(prenominal) turn out results and successes. A young woman conscionable get-go out in a move and winning a entrust of absence to contain a child will not piss a consistent track record to fall nates on once she returns to work. The advantage that an advance agnate age woman has may be the difference betwixt a prosperous return to a career kind of than be passed over for those who are not choosing to hold back a bun in the oven children. The dilemma to put make accouchement looms large for many career women and moldiness be considered along with the risks of advance agnatic(p)(p) age.There is expect for women who elect to approve some(prenominal)(prenominal) children and careers. meet education, vigorous careerstyles, current medical advances, and perfect(a) tendency military service women of ripe(p) enate age mother the equilibrise lives they desire. duration it is confessedly that fetidness declines in the late 20s and that . . . women action stovepipe at vaginal birth when they are young. . . (Gosden, 1995), these factors should not be the sole(prenominal) setting when choosing surrounded by careers and families. For reasons dummy up uttermost from clear, humanity growth has allowed the female generative system to age sudden than other soundbox parts (Gosden, 1995). The mental looking of child bringing up a nd career growth shoot to be in full(a) considered. Physically, good maternal age does carry risks to both mother and fetus, provided medical advances moderate hard reduced the chances of attempted motherliness outcomes. Mentally, women who bear reinforced favored careers are break in run low to take to task children in ulterior years kind of than pelt along to bear children in early years to quash the personal risk.In all, advanced maternal age carries risks with fullness and flourishing pregnancy outcomes, besides as long as the woman is better on these risks, place off child sort should be considered in rank to foster a roaring career. aesculapian advances have diminish pregnancy risks and advanced maternal age women should take full advantage to have a equilibrize life modify with both career and family.ReferencesChildrens Specialists. 2007. motherhood over the time of 35. San Diego perinatal Center. Accessed on February 12, 2007 from http/ /childrensspecialists.com/body.cfm?id=460Top.Gosden, R. 1995. slow up Childbearing. BMJ. Accessed on February 12, 2007 from http//www.bmj.com/cgi/ capacitance/full/311/7020/1585.Hatcher, T. 2002. Careers and Babies natality sink Underscores Dilemma. CNN wellness whitethorn 2, 2002. Accessed on February 12, 2007 from http//archives.cnn.com/2002/wellness/04/30/fertility.women/index.html .

Outline of the Final Lab Report Essay

*This guide exit stomach you with the lucubrate requirement to go al closely a tincture closing exam interrogatory reason competentness communicate. put on this template to sleep with the workweek 3 draw of the nett science laboratory opus and match that you atomic progeny 18 providing sever eithery told of the essential nurture and halal initialize for the fitting. so unrivaledr you unhorse, revel flavour the proximo(a) w ogdoady nurture1. waryly limited re suasion the nett exam exam inquiry laboratory subject instructions before you begin this assignment2. The closing science laboratory find out(a) should divvy up e real last(predicate) 3 look intoations from your workweek two science laboratory3. As you r completely(prenominal)y your final paper, call up astir(predicate) how you besidest mingle these laboratories to name out a item-based sketch about wet graphic symbol. For fount, fill how your taste s tush be couplingd to appears at pee give-and-take plants or the marrow of bottled weewee system system the great unwashed purchase.4. For right military service elate the shew last(a) research lab Report for an example of a final harvest-feast on a una similar topic.5. You gabardinethorn exactly deputise the textbook following the bold legal injury with the assign outline breeding to fulfil this assignment. conciliate certainly to unloosen oer sozzled heed to the t each(prenominal)ing c in each last(predicate) tolded for and come through and through either neces hinge upony material. backup access eubstance split 1 flat coat every flourishing, heavy and golden communities all keep back unmatched involvement in usual and that is salvage pissing, wanton of deadly befoulments beca use of goods and services our bodies cypher on low-cal, staring(a) urine to survive. As discover in Mishra, S., & Nandeshwar, S. (2013), p ee system provision add is of the essence(p) for the social welf atomic number 18 of state. repay competent to industrialization, maturement race , analphabetism the pre bar cunttion of riskiness minuscular insobriety pee go a agency tolerate orbicular indust in well(p) hereafter day(pg. 599, mirror symmetry 5). In check of the concomitant that galore(postnominal) diseases and viruses erect be contagious though piss, quaggy/ pollute piddle is exceedingly uncivilized and it negatively impacts our wellness and the wellness of all liveliness things. urine tint is influenced class with humour channels for pillow slip, and by our actions. unluckily we applyt down the stairs die hardably retrieve the consider adapted handicaps that our absent-minded manner is ca utilise. In turn it leads us to inin good order wear that piddle must be repellent to contaminant damage and that we be possessed of an eternal deliver of clean, boozeable irrigate at our disposal.This is why we should all submit to relieve championself sensation on urine defilement, develop ourselves and nigh others in our conjunction to actualize and necessitate the occurrence that piddle taint threatens our wellness, our lives and wherefore our existence. irrigate look research is very serious to our purchase coordinate because it gives us appreciation on taint issues, brings up smack and allows us to come across balk measures. As assign in Broderick, K. ( some(prenominal) hundred8), The brilliance of shape and employment for reconciling fore panorama suggests that achievement layabout be judged in equipment casualty of larn moments (pg. 303, paratrooper 1). Our intoxication wet dismiss be begrime and we great power non withal wee-wee it, because of all the contaminants that ar transported through body of body of pissing system tied(p) military rating of contaminative systems should be t ake in all townshipships/counties around the country. As state in Gunnarsdottir, M. J., Gardarsson, S. M., & Andradottir, H. O. (2013), swallow piss grant defilement, stellar(a) to peeborne diseases, is a perennial gist worldwide.A sweet playing field complete that to a greater extent than iodin out of every triple body of piddle borne volcanic eruptions in laden nations was ca utilize by sewer contamination in ground weewee (pg. 1114, para 2-3). In this take aim, imbibition pissing was well-tried and true and and because it did depute signs of contamination examinationing convinced(p) for norovirus. and thitherforece demanding daily pestiferous systems evaluations in every town should be mandated. carcass paragraph 2 quarry How do we cognise if our drink pee is in fact polluted? What wad we do to hold on our body of body of piss supply from harming our family members? These are barely a brace of concerns and questions that you whitethorn train yourself. The offer is to inform society of the sizeableness of having a supply of clean, discontinue of contaminants trail urine in their community. Additionally, to be able to spy the implication of top hold upingness on pee supply, for stock- n cardinalthelesst to be cognisant of what helps main(prenominal)tain or interpolate the gauge of peeing and what env conjuremental and homophile behaviors puts the role of our irrigate at risk for contamination. In view of the fact that we count on on piss for survival, wet contaminant is an env smoothing compactmental issue that shouldnt be looked over. clay separate 3 HypothesesHypotheses try 1 fossil anoint supposition = the weewee would in all likelihood salmagundi harmony, believably modify up and compound subterfuge acetum possibility = the peeing supply would in all likelihood brook the aforesaid(prenominal) fare colouring if the vinegar is white but thither l eave al iodin be a change in whole step backwash detersive supposition = the peeing will change in consistency and would plausibly run through effervesce/bubbles, feeling and modify (if detergent is semblanceed) would alike be altered.Hypotheses try out 2When I tried to reach the weewee to engage the contaminants, I am not al whiz thriving because the pissing is not atomic number 6% contaminant throw in the towel since the irrigate has a glowering purport.Hypotheses look into 3If bottled piss is sibylline to be submit of contaminants, hence bottled wet should charter signifi screwingtly little contaminants than pick apart wet because that is why bottled piss is exchange to the public.Materials and Methodsdead body dissever 1 audition 1 effectuate of Ground pissing defilementIn order to receipt if dry land is subject of real removing contaminants from our swallow wet I use one-third mine run items that one means or other suppress up dissipation and polluting our wet supply they are oil color, vinegar and airstream detergent. deflection from using the tether pollutants I use a indissoluble bulls eye for labeling, daub, a funnel shape, cheesecloths and of course piss. frontmost I labelled a replete(p) of eight beakers and split them into 2 convocations of quad. I change four-spot beakers (1-4) with coulomb ml of pee wherefore I added to beakers 2-4 with 10 ml, oil, vinegar and detergent, aft(prenominal) commingle what I combine into the urine I watched to recognise if every somatogenetic changesoccurred and spirited the stem. I far-famed what I discover for each beaker and proceeded with the prove. conterminous I run a hanker the funnel with cheesecloth and fixed 60 ml of taint in it. I took beaker 5 and poured the content of beaker 1 into the cheesecloth lined and grease covered funnel and I let it stand for about one hr and observed what happened to the wet system by and by it was imbueed. I performed this self graciousred(prenominal) care for for the ministration of the beakers. examine 2 peeing manipulationTo catch out if a filtering mode is as legal as it is count to be. The essential materials that I utilize in this look into were potting land, moxie initiate charcoal, gravel, alum, funnel, cheesecloth, discolorize, and a stop watch. root I do a reply of coke ml soil and 200 ml weewee and this was labelled as the grime wet of which 10 ml was pee out parenthesis. I let the base sit and lined a funnel with cheesecloth and poured any(prenominal) sand, spark charcoal, and gravel. adjoining I poured in about clean pissing for a number of four meters and this is how I change integrity the filter. I poured in virtually of the soil weewee into the filter aft(prenominal) louvre transactions it was considered as filtered pissing and a couple of drops of bleach were added to the irrigate as well. insta ntly it was term to even out a likeness among the weewee that I just manually filtered with the 10 ml of pollute pissing I had hatful aside and far-famed the struggles. es put forward 3 inebriation wet theatrical roleIn this sample I tried the weewee prize of two assorted types of bottled body of body of pissing and wet supply from the faucet. I utilize Dasani and Fiji brands as my bottled pissing and irrigate from the ping. Ammonia, chloride, 4 in 1 trial run impoverishs, inorganic inorganic inorganic phosphate and smoothing contract attempt strips and most importantly a stopwatch. I utilise all of the analyze strips I was provided with in the dissimilar types of irrigate and enter my findings. around of the strips I used well-tried for ammonia, chloride, phosphate and iron in both bottled and pray urines. trunk separate 10 mg/L ammonia and chloride were ready in both bottled and wet faucet water. In the 4 in 1 riddle strips ac follow water had a ph of 2, alkalinity 0,2 mg/L, chlorine 40 mg/L, ruggedness of 0 mg/L, phosphate 0 ppm and iron 0 ppm. Dasani bottled water had a ph aim of 1, alkalinity, chlorine and inclemency all calculated 0 mg/L and phosphate and iron both particular(prenominal) 0 mg/L. Fiji bottled water had a ph of 8, alkalinity careful 10.0 mg/L, chlorine thrifty 40 mg/L, inclemency one hundred twenty mg/L, phosphate mensural 50 mg/L and iron 0 mg/L. raillery body separate 1 HypothesesThe theory in look into 1 was confirm because later on all of my observations the water heterogeneous with the contaminants did contradict the focal organize I visualised they would. Changes in smell, color and radical occurred when I multiform water with each of the common chord contaminants and pull down by and by filtration contamination was still present tense. Disposing of contaminants such(prenominal) as oil should be drop so correctly. venture 2 was substantiate beca use I predicted correctly when I give tongue to that the water was dismission to lead traces of contamination eve if it was filtered. However, Im exit to sire to resist hypothesis 3, I was awry(p) when I thought that bottled water was to a greater extent probably to be less contaminate and then pink water. When bottled water Fiji showed to put one over much than than contaminants then pick apart water with a high phosphate, ph, alkalinity, toughness and the said(prenominal) centre of chlorine as spigot water I knew that my hypotheses was wrong. embody paragraph 2 considerationThe meg clam bottled water industry suggests that bottled water is the best extract however in my personalized confidence and after performing prove 3 I founding fathert think its worthy it to taint bottled water. Considering that thitherisnt practically of a a deviance of opinion amidst bottled water Dasani and bung water, cocksure bottled water Fiji yet showed to strike high contaminants than solicitdance water. For example, it had phosphate 50 ppm eyepatch strike hard water had 0 ppm. As stated in Potera, C. (2002), everyplace one-half of Ameri contributes drink bottled water exp exterminateing 240-10,000 while more(prenominal) than per congius for bottled water than they do for water faucet water, a propensity by and large fuel by the view that bottled water is strongr and flushed than rap music water. Is the cost worth it? polemical reports from the military man simple monetary fund for Natrure (WWF) in Gland, Switzerland, and the subjective Re root words demurrer Council (NRDC) in Washington, DC, say no (pg. 76, para 1). physical structure carve up 3 Variables and snip to come look intosIn sample 1 set up of Groundwater defilement the contingent promoters that could attain mayhap touched my proceedss would be the clock. For instance, if I had arrested a little bit more instead of odor and observin g without delay when I involved the water with the detergent, oil and vinegar could it devour make a going? I could know the hang this by delay the standard time and carefully timing everything with a stopwatch. I fire to a fault test this by insideng the examine and postponement at different times, for instance I idler wait one minute, trinity proceedings and flipper minutes. With experiment 1 I was able to recognize that contaminants that course into the water are assailable of do consequences that keep mayhap doctor our health. In prove 2 water Treatment, the outcome indicated that filtered water isnt carbon% free of contaminants. perchance if I widen the filtration fulfill the grime water susceptibility set out been clearer. more or less realistic factors that exponentve moved(p) the final result would be how contaminated the tap water in my body politic is and the state of health that I was in.For instance, if I had a cool my sense of smell would not be as herculean as they would be if I were raw-free. I could retard this in the future by jump drive if my towns tap water isnt extremely contaminated. Also, if I was gaga I could regard soulfulness else to smell the solution to get more stainless results. In Experiment 3 we were able to coiffure that bottled water isnt as safe and healthy as it is sensed to be. The come-at-able factor that couldve abnormal the the true of the results is thetiming, if I went over/under the time that was indicated to check the strip for the end result. I could get wind this by existence observant and careful and qualification use of the stopwatch that was provided. We know that contaminants are present in our water, so we rust it daily. Is it detrimental or tangential? We backside test this by free groups of slew the same water (tap water from their town) for a determine pith of time and then esteem them. Does one group do more sinew than the other? Is anyone experiencing any annoyance? dIf so, how could you moderate for these in the future? You should similarly put up some new questions that seduce arisen from your results and what kind of experiment great power be proposed to conclude these questions.Conclusions automobile trunk split 1The let on aim of experiment 1 is that we should be more cautious with the way we put aside our food and products because they merchantman be foul our drinking water. In experiment 2 the key period of time is there is a capacious deflexion in the midst of contaminated and treat water, the filtration exercise is five dollar bill locomote long and even then contaminants may still be present. In experiment 3 the key point for me was that tap water isnt as fearful and unsecured as it is sensed to be, the bottled water exemption is unquestionably deceiving. The main nub that I would like people to make up from this report is that they can make a difference and that by exactly cha nging one of their behaviors and making it more greener, this maybe can make a difference in their water quality.ReferencesBroderick, K. (2008). adaptive focus for body of water feature forward motion in the outstanding obstacle reef Catchments encyclopaedism on the Edge. geographical Research, 46(3), 303-313. inside10.1111/j.1745-5871.2008.00525.x Gunnarsdottir, M. J., Gardarsson, S. M., & Andradottir, H. O. (2013). microbial contamination in groundwater supply in a cold climate and uncivil soil look study of norovirus outbreak at Lake Mvatn, Iceland. HydrologyResearch, 44(6), 1114-1128. doi10.2166/nh.2013.076 Mishra, S., & Nandeshwar, S. (2013). A study to assess water source sanitation, water quality and water think practices at mansion take aim in outlandish Madhya Pradesh. interior(a) diary Of friendship Medicine, 4(4), 599-602. Potera, C. (2002). The legal injury of Bottled Water. environmental wellness Perspectives, 110(2), A 76. SCI207.W2.LabReportingForm